Until the fall of the Berlin Wall and the disappearance of the Soviet bloc, in almost all the political families of the Latin American left (Varguistas and Peronists, Communists and democratic socialists, revolutionary nationalists and Apristas, Guevaristas and Fidelistas) industrial developmentalism predominated. Perhaps the first serious alternatives to that paradigm appeared within Liberation Theology promoted by a part of the Catholic movement after the Second Vatican Council. However, the approach to Marxism-Leninism of some of those theologians reinforced the modernizing angle of the left.
It was only in the 1990s, with the anti-neoliberal movements that spread in the region, that a communitarianism emerged that called the concept of development into Whatsapp Mobile Number List. The role of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) and the Chiapas uprising in 1994 were decisive in the doctrinal reconfiguration of a part of the left. It is from then on that indigenism and environmentalism come together in a cause that puts the autonomy of the communities before economic development.
Outside of some presence in the new Latin American constitutionalism, especially in Bolivia and Ecuador, the communitarian ideal did not take root in the public policies of the last leftist governments. Developmentalism ended up prevailing, as evidenced in the conflicts over the Isiboro Sécure National Park in Bolivia, the extractivist energy projects of the Rafael Correa government or the cumbersome plan for an interoceanic canal in Nicaragua, awarded to the Chinese communist billionaire Wang Jing.